Reading comprehension is defined as the level of understanding
of a text/message. This understanding comes from the interaction
between the words that are written and how they trigger knowledge
outside the text/message. .
Proficient reading depends on the ability to recognize words quickly and effortlessly. If word recognition is difficult, students use too much of their processing capacity to read individual words, which interferes with their ability to comprehend what is read.
Many educators in the
USA believe that students need to learn to analyze text (comprehend it) even before they can read it on their own, and comprehension
instruction generally begins in pre-Kindergarten or Kindergarten. But
other US educators consider this reading approach to be completely
backward for very young children, arguing that the children must learn
how to decode the words in a story through phonics before they can analyze the story itself.
During the last century comprehension lessons usually consisted of
students answering teachers' questions, writing responses to questions
on their own, or both. The whole group version of this practice also often included "
Round-robin
reading", wherein teachers called on individual students to read a
portion of the text (and sometimes following a set order). In the last
quarter of the 20th century, evidence accumulated that the read-test
methods assessed comprehension more than they taught it. The associated
practice of "round robin" reading has also been questioned and
eliminated by many educators.
Instead of using the prior read-test method, research studies have
concluded that there are much more effective ways to teach
comprehension. Much work has been done in the area of teaching novice
readers a bank of "reading strategies," or tools to interpret and
analyze text.
There is not a definitive set of strategies, but common ones include
summarizing what you have read, monitoring your reading to make sure it
is still making sense, and analyzing the structure of the text (e.g.,
the use of headings in science text). Some programs teach students how
to self monitor whether they are understanding and provide students with
tools for fixing comprehension problems.
Instruction in comprehension strategy use often involves the gradual
release of responsibility, wherein teachers initially explain and model
strategies. Over time, they give students more and more responsibility
for using the strategies until they can use them independently. This
technique is generally associated with the idea of
self-regulation and reflects social cognitive theory, originally conceptualized by Albert Bandura.
Prosedurnya:
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makes different demands on the reader than traditional text. This has been a
popular subject of recent articles and books by authors such as Nicholas Carr
and psychologists such as Maryanne Wolf.
Their concerns revolve around the detrimental effect the internet may have on
attention and reading comprehension.
Reading comprehension involves two levels of processing, shallow (low-level) processing and deep (high-level)
processing. Deep processing involves semantic
processing, which happens when we encode the meaning of a word and relate it to
similar words. Shallow processing involves structural and phonemic recognition,
the processing of sentence and word structure and there associated sounds. This
theory was first identified by Fergus I. M. Craik and Robert S. Lockhart.
There was a period between 1969 to
about 2000 that a number of "strategies" were devised for teaching
students to employ self-guided methods for improving reading comprehension. In
1969 Anthony Manzo designed and found empirical support for the ReQuest, or
Reciprocal Questioning Procedure, it was the first method to convert emerging
theories of social and imitation learning into teaching methods that employed
these powerful factors in learning through a very clever use of a talk rotation
between students and teacher that has come to be called cognitive modeling. Prior to this breakthrough most all comprehension teaching
were based on imparting selected techniques that when taken
